More on this in next week’s lessons…
Now has Dover 
Popularity: 20% [?]
Archive for April, 2007
Monopoly is running a competition to produce a U.K. version of the game, but using settlement!
Why not vote for Ilkeston as a wildcard?
I have, the top is Shrewsbury. Nottingham is above Derby! 
Neither is on the leader board, you can vote one time each day.
Voting ends on the 25th of May.
Vote Ilkeston!
Popularity: 28% [?]
I watching this develop during the morning, 4.7 on the Richter Scale. You can read more about the quake on the B.B.C. , the United States Geological Survey also has a summary page of the event. More in lessons next week… Image of the quake epicentre, is via the USGS.
Popularity: 22% [?]
The statistics from the Human Footprint programme shown on Channel 4 on the 26th April 2007. There is also a nice human footprint flash calculator to have a play with¦
Remember these are averages, per person over a lifetime of 78.5 years. Averages only tell us about typical behaviour. The figures will vary greatly between individuals.
All interesting information for people as consumers….
The statistics.
Food and drink
Milk- 15,951 pints
To produce this amount of milk for the population, 2.1 million cows are needed, eating 100 kilograms of grass a day.
Meat- 89% will eat meat. 4 head of cattle, 21 sheep, 15 pigs, 1200 chickens and 13,345 eggs.
Potatoes- 2327kg
Bread- 4283 loaves
Fruit and Vegetables - 5272 apples, 10,866 carrots
95% of our food is imported.
Food packaging - 8.5 tons
Chocolate - 8.2kg a year, 10,000 chocolate bars in a lifetime.
Bake Beans - 845 tins.
Alcohol- 10351 pints, 1,694 bottles of wine, 0.7% of the world@s population is drunk now!
Tea- 74,842 cups in a lifetime.
Human Waste, Waste and Sewage.
Wind -1-1.5 litres of gas a day, 12-25 times a day, 35,815 litres!
Toilet rolls- 4239 to cope with 2,865kg of faeces.
Sewage- 150 litres per day per person, but also disposed of across the country in a day are 2.5 million tampons, 1.4 million sanitary towels, 700,000 panty liners and 270,000 condoms.
Nappies- 3,800
2.5 billion disposed of each year, largest contributor to landfill, take 500 years to decompose, at age five we will have produced more carbon dioxide than that of a person in Tanzania over their lifetime.
40 tons of waste sent to landfill sites over a lifetime.
Relationships with others.
Language- average vocabulary is 25,000 words, only 4% of the English Oxford Dictionary.
We speak on average 4,300 words a day, more for women, less for men. 123,205,740 words in a lifetime.
People will know 1,700 people over a lifetime.
We will have 300 people in our social group at anytime.
Partners- 10 different partners, 4,239 times having s*x, about 2 times a week!
Love - we will fall in love 3 times.
Marriage - 11.5 years, 70% will attempt a marriage once.
Personal Hygiene
7163 baths in a lifetime, 1 million litres of water.
656 bars of soap, 198 bottles of shampoo, 272 deodorants, 276 tubes of toothpastes, 78 toothbrushes, 411 skin care product , 37 perfumes, 35 tubes of styling gel, 25 bottles of nail polish, 21 sticks of lipstick, 11,00 tampons/sanitary towels, 5.6 bottles of fake tan!
Shower gel components take 800 years to disappear from the water system.
We wash our hair 11.500 times in a lifetime.
Wealth and Spending.
£1,537,380 spent in a lifetime.
Housing, food and clothing £552,772, tax £286,311, leisure and entertainment £236,312.
Consumer goods
3.5 washing machines, 3.4 fridges, 3.2 microwaves, 4.8 televisions, 9.8 DVD players, 15 computers.
240kg of fossil fuels, 22kg of chemicals, 1.5 tons of water needed to produce a home computer, externality (doesn’t reflect their true cost, in relation to the environment.)
£920 spent per person on the average Christmas.
628 Christmas gifts received over a lifetime.
8 cars per person.
Clothing
Clothing market is worth £23 billion in the U.K., £385 per year spent on clothes, £3,222 pounds spent on clothes over a lifetime.
500 litres of water and 40g of pesticides needed to produce a t-shirt.
570kg of chemicals added to the water system through washing clothes.
Travel
197 miles walked per year, 15,464 miles in a lifetime.
We will drive 452,662 miles in a lifetime. 135,950 litres of petrol will be need.
59 foreign holidays.
737 tons of carbon released into the atmosphere.
Information and Culture.
Television, 148 minutes a day, 900 hours a year, 2944 days in a lifetime.
533 books read in a lifetime.
3% can’t read in the U.K., 40% choose not to read, more households own two cars than two novels!
Newspapers read 2455. 1.5 tons of paper
24 trees will be used to make the books and newspapers you need.
Religion
6 acts of worship a year, 390 over a lifetime.
Democracy
You will vote in fifty elections.
Health
Cigarettes - 77,000 over a lifetime. 1/3 of all cancers are from smoking.
Vomit- 2 times a year, five buckets over a lifetime.
314 visits to the doctor.
30,000 pills in a lifetime.
Tears shed 61.5 litres.
104,390 dreams in a lifetime.
Death
1700 people we know¦
305 die of heart disease, 179 stokes, 111 flu and pneumonia, 99 from lung cancer, 92 from lower respiratory diseases, 63 from dementia, 49 cancers of the colon, and 32 from breast cancer, 10 from suicide, 9 in road accidents, and 1 in a fire.
1 in 3 will know a person who has been murdered.
Not that you should worry about this….
Popularity: 45% [?]
So what do supermarkets offer us and why?
All under one roof- no need to travel between several specialist retailers, therefore saving time.
A wider range of goods- due to large stores, they have more display and storage space.
Value for money (?) - the power of supermarket retailers means they can buy in bulk from producers and wholesalers, then pass on the discount to consumers. This perspective would be different though if you spoke to a farmer. (Why?)
Easier access - usually close to main roads and offer large free car parks, to reduce the friction of distance and encourage that bulk buying.
Environment- undercover, heated, security, music, pleasant lighting, all encourage us to feel safe and buy more.
Opening hours- longer opening hours, including 24 hour opening, is attractive shoppers, particularly regular shift workers.
Loyalty- supermarkets have been keen to exploit customer loyalty, loyalty cards with generous, and not so generous, discounts encourage us to keep shopping!
Supermarkets are a rival to the traditional High Street independants and even multiples, (anyone been following the news about how Nottingham’s Boots has been coping with the supermarket challenge?) this has often resulted in their decline, but in some High Streets multiples have come to dominant, this cloning, is not to everyones’ taste, but that’s another post.
Popularity: 40% [?]
One for the year 11 ‘old skool’. Have a play at stop disasters can tell me know you do….
Popularity: 18% [?]
The doughnut effect is the name given to the increasing movement of retail from the C.B.D. (Central Business District) to the outskirts (rural-urban fringe) of the cities.
Obviously, cars have been the factor that have fueled this process, as well as, the attraction of an out-of-town site for retail.
This movement of retail can have positive and negative implications for the C.B.D. and the rural-urban fringe.
C.B.D.
Negatives
- Less customers, as people shop at out-of-town locations.
- Multiples no longer maintain their thresholds, they close or relocate.
- A declining choice of shops for people who use the High Street, particularly those who are less affluent and less mobile.
- Local independant stores that are ‘anchored’ by multiples and need their passing trade, lose business and close.
- Loss of employment.
- Shops are left vacant or replaced with those that offer ‘tacky’ or cheap products.
- A decline in tax revenues.
- Less local government income to spend on the environment.
- A declining environment, litter, vandalism, results in more retailers moving away from the area.
- Basically, the ‘Death of the High Street’.
Many of you would recognise this downward spiral as the negative multiplier effect. This is your classic case study of Dudley and Merryhill.
Positives
- It may encourage local councils to diversify the local economy, the development of leisure and entertainment facilities (?), hopefully these will attract people back to the centre.
- The local council may also be encouraged to develop the environment to attract back both customers and multiples, by developing the features of out-of-town shopping. (More about this later…)
- Less congestion of the High Street, may make it pleasanter to shop and easier to access (?)
Rural-Urban Fringe.
Negatives
- Loss of greenfield land and damage to associated habitats.
- Increased congestion and pollution.
- May encourage associated developments, such as housing, and therefore urban-sprawl.
Positives
- May provide much needed employment.
- May encourage the development of public transport to outlying areas.
Any others?
The doughnut effect has been much more prominent in American cities, but as Geographers in the U.K., we can learn much about the dangers of granting planning permission on greenfield sites, without careful thought about the impact on the C.B.D. . In the U.K. planning permission has become stricter with regards to develop on greenfield sites, in order to encourage the use of brownfield sites, hopefully as a growth pole for urban regeneration.
So on balance, is out-of-town worth it?
Popularity: 26% [?]
A bit behind on the blogging posts, but you need your planning hat on here.
Access
Shopping centres require good access, this reduces the friction of distance, so anywhere close to main roads, or with tram or train access is advantageous.
You will also require roads that are free from congestion.
You will also require good access to allow delivery vehicles to supply the retailers with ease.
Good access and a reduction in the friction of distance will also extend the catchment area of the centre.
Good access will also be needed during the construction of the centre.
The site
Flat and devoid from the risk of flooding will make construction easier and less expensive.
A surrounding pleasant environment will also be attractive for investors and shoppers.
A large site
A large site has several advantages.
This allows for the building of a large centre, with of course will allow a large variety of multiples to be accommodated.
A large site also allows for greater storage space, meaning shops can stock a larger variety of products.
A large site also allows for a large car parking area, obviously free and readily available, car parking allows better access and encourages people to buy in bulk.
If there is space around the site, it may allow for expansion at a later date or encourage the investment of associated retailers.
Greenfield ‘v’ Brownfield
There a number of pros and cons to each. (Just some random quick thoughts- it is after parents’ evening)
Brownfield site
Against
- The site may need to be reclaimed from it’s previous industrial use, this may be expensive.
- It may be difficult to market such a development on a former industrial site, the environment may not be particularly appealing.
- Access to the site may be restricted due to its urban location, I.e. congestion.
- Land costs may be high in central urban areas.
For
- As a former industrial site, it may be easier to receive planning permission, particularly if unemployment is high. Local government may be keen to have a new regeneration project.
- Infrastructure may already be present.
- The site may provide access to a large urban population, hence custom.
Greenfield
Against
- Planning permission will be more difficult, Government is not keen to encourage urban sprawl and the encroachment of rural areas.
- Infrastructure may not be present.
- Access may have to be improved.
- Damage to the environment and potential public protest.
For
- Cheaper land costs, due to less competition.
- Easier access away from congested urban areas.
- Larger sites.
- More pleasant environment.
Socio-Economics of the area.
Obviously you want your centre to have customers, so you are going to have to think carefully about the socio-economic profile of the area.
Does it have a high income level? - therefore the ability to spend!
What is the unemployment rate? A double-edged sword, high unemployment would mean a reduced capacity to spend, but it may provide willing workers and potentially make planning permission easier.
What professions are dominant in the area? - young professionals with leisure time and high disposable incomes?
Do people own cars?- thereby the ability to buy in bulk.
What is the dominant demographic in the area? Would a centre in a predominantly student area be the correct customer base you are looking for?
Doughnuts, Tesco and Cloning tomorrow….
Popularity: 20% [?]
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